# Web Application Programmer's Guide

## Target Audience and Content

The target audience for this guide is the Web component provider, i.e. the person in charge of developing the Web components on the server side. It describes how the Web component provider should build the deployment descriptors of its Web components and how the web components should be packaged.

The content of this guide is the following:

1. Target Audience and Content
2. Developing Web Components
   - Introduction
   - The JSPs
   - The Servlets
   - Accessing an EJB from a Servlet or JSP page
3. Defining the Web Deployment Descriptor
   - Principles
   - Examples of Web Deployment Descriptors
   - Tips
4. WAR Packaging

## Developing Web Components

### Introduction

A Web Component is a generic term which denotes both JSP pages and Servlets. Web components are packaged in a `.war` file and can be deployed in a JOnAS server via the web container service. Web components can be integrated in a J2EE application by packing the `.war` file in an `.ear` file (refer to the J2EE Application Programmer's Guide).

The JOnAS distribution includes a Web application example: The EarSample example.

The directory structure of this application is the following:

etc/xml | contains the web.xml file describing the web application
etc/resources/web | contains html pages and images; JSP pages can also be placed here.
src/org/objectweb/earsample/servlets | servlet sources
src/org/objectweb/earsample/beans | beans sources

The bean directory is not needed if beans coming from another application will be used.

### The JSP pages

Java Server Pages (JSP) is a technology that allows regular, static HTML, to be mixed with dynamically-generated HTML written in Java programming language for encapsulating the logic that generates the content for the page. Refer to the Java Server PagesTM and the Quickstart guide for more details.

#### Example:

The following example shows a sample JSP page that lists the content of a cart.

        <!-- Get the session -->
        <%@ page session="true" %>

        <!-- The import to use -->
        <%@ page import="java.util.Enumeration" %>
        <%@ page import="java.util.Vector"      %>

        <html>
        <body bgcolor="white">
          <h1>Content of your cart</h1><br>
          <table>
            <!-- The header of the table -->
            <tr bgcolor="black">
              <td><font color="lightgreen">Product Reference</font></td>
              <td><font color="lightgreen">Product Name</font></td>
              <td><font color="lightgreen">Product Price</font></td>
            </tr>

            <!-- Each iteration of the loop display a line of the table -->
            <%
              Cart cart = (Cart) session.getAttribute("cart");
              Vector products = cart.getProducts();
              Enumeration enum = products.elements();
              // loop through the enumeration
              while (enum.hasMoreElements()) {
                  Product prod = (Product) enum.nextElement();
            %>
            <tr>
              <td><%=prod.getReference()%></td>
              <td><%=prod.getName()%></td>
              <td><%=prod.getPrice()%></td>
            </tr>
            <%
            } // end loop
            %>
          </table>
        </body>
        </html>

It is a good idea to hide all the mechanisms for accessing EJBs from JSP pages by using a proxy java bean, referenced in the JSP page by the `usebean` special tag. This technique is shown in the alarm example, where the .jsp files communicate with the EJB via a proxy java bean ViewProxy.java.

### The Servlets

Servlets are modules of Java code that run in an application server for answering client requests. Servlets are not tied to a specific client-server protocol. However, they are most commonly used with HTTP, and the word "Servlet" is often used as referring to an "HTTP Servlet."

Servlets make use of the Java standard extension classes in the packages `javax.servlet` (the basic Servlet framework) and `javax.servlet.http` (extensions of the Servlet framework for Servlets that answer HTTP requests).

Typical uses for HTTP Servlets include:

- processing and/or storing data submitted by an HTML form,
- providing dynamic content generated by processing a database query,
- managing information of the HTTP request.

For more details refer to the JavaTM Servlet Technology and the Servlets tutorial.

#### Example:

The following example is a sample of a Servlet that lists the content of a cart.
This example is the servlet version of the previous JSP page example.

        import java.util.Enumeration;
        import java.util.Vector;
        import java.io.PrintWriter;
        import java.io.IOException;
        import javax.servlet.ServletException;
        import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
        import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
        import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
        import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;

        public class GetCartServlet extends HttpServlet {

            protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
                                 throws ServletException, IOException {

                res.setContentType("text/html");
                PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

                out.println("<html><head><title>Your cart</title></head>");
                out.println("<body>");
                out.println("<h1>Content of your cart</h1><br>");
                out.println("<table>");

                // The header of the table
                out.println("<tr>");
                out.println("<td><font color="lightgreen">Product Reference</font></td>");
                out.println("<td><font color="lightgreen">Product Name</font></td>");
                out.println("<td><font color="lightgreen">Product Price</font></td>");
                out.println("</tr>");

                // Each iteration of the loop display a line of the table
                HttpSession session = req.getSession(true);
                Cart cart = (Cart) session.getAttribute("cart");
                Vector products = cart.getProducts();
                Enumeration enum = products.elements();
                while (enum.hasMoreElements()) {
                    Product prod = (Product) enum.nextElement();
                    int prodId = prod.getReference();
                    String prodName = prod.getName();
                    float prodPrice = prod.getPrice();
                    out.println("<tr>");
                    out.println("<td>" + prodId + </td>);
                    out.println("<td>" + prodName + </td>);
                    out.println("<td>" + prodPrice + </td>);
                    out.println("</tr>");
                }

                out.println("</table>");
                out.println("</body>");
                out.println("</html>");
                out.close();
            }
        }

### Accessing an EJB from a Servlet or JSP page

Through the JOnAS web container service, it is possible to access an enterprise java bean and its environment in a J2EE-compliant way.

The following sections describe:

1. How to access the Remote Home interface of a bean.
2. How to access the Local Home interface of a bean.
3. How to access the environment of a bean.
4. How to start transactions in servlets.

Note that all the following code examples are taken from the The EarSample example provided in the JOnAS distribution.

#### Accessing the Remote Home interface of a bean:

In this example the servlet gets the Remote Home interface OpHome registered in JNDI using an EJB reference, then creates a new instance of the session bean:

    import javax.naming.Context;
    import javax.naming.InitialContext;

    //remote interface
    import org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.Op;
    import org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpHome;

            Context initialContext = null;
            try {
                initialContext = new InitialContext();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.print("<li>Cannot get initial context for JNDI: ");
                out.println(e + "</li>");
                return;
            }
          // Connecting to OpHome thru JNDI
            OpHome opHome = null;
            try {
                opHome = (OpHome) PortableRemoteObject.narrow(initialContext.lookup("java:comp/env/ejb/Op"), OpHome.class);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.println("<li>Cannot lookup java:comp/env/ejb/Op: " + e + "</li>");
                return;
            }
            // OpBean creation
            Op op = null;
            try {
                op = opHome.create("User1");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.println("<li>Cannot create OpBean: " + e + "</li>");
                return;
            }

Note that the following elements must be set in the `web.xml` file tied to this web application:

      <ejb-ref>
        <ejb-ref-name>ejb/Op</ejb-ref-name>
        <ejb-ref-type>Session</ejb-ref-type>
        <home>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpHome</home>
        <remote>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.Op</remote>
        <ejb-link>secusb.jar#Op</ejb-link>
      </ejb-ref>

#### Accessing the Local Home of a bean:

The following example shows how to obtain a local home interface OpLocalHome using an EJB local reference:

    //local interfaces
    import org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpLocal;
    import org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpLocalHome;

          // Connecting to OpLocalHome thru JNDI
            OpLocalHome opLocalHome = null;
            try {
                opLocalHome = (OpLocalHome)
                    initialContext.lookup("java:comp/env/ejb/OpLocal");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.println("<li>Cannot lookup java:comp/env/ejb/OpLocal: " + e + "</li>");
                return;
            }

This is found in the `web.xml` file:

      <ejb-local-ref>
        <ejb-ref-name>ejb/OpLocal</ejb-ref-name>
        <ejb-ref-type>Session</ejb-ref-type>
        <local-home>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpLocalHome</local-home>
        <local>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpLocal</local>
        <ejb-link>secusb.jar#Op</ejb-link>
      </ejb-local-ref>

#### Accessing the environment of the component:

In this example, the servlet seeks to access the component's environment:

           String envEntry = null;
            try {
                envEntry = (String) initialContext.lookup("java:comp/env/envEntryString");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.println("<li>Cannot get env-entry on JNDI " + e + "</li>");
                return;
            }

This is the corresponding part of the `web.xml` file:

      <env-entry>
        <env-entry-name>envEntryString</env-entry-name>
        <env-entry-value>This is a string from the env-entry</env-entry-value>
        <env-entry-type>java.lang.String</env-entry-type>
      </env-entry>

#### Starting transactions in servlets:

The servlet wants to start transactions via the UserTransaction:

    import javax.transaction.UserTransaction;

           // We want to start transactions from client: get UserTransaction
            UserTransaction utx = null;
            try {
                utx = (UserTransaction) initialContext.lookup("java:comp/UserTransaction");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.println("<li>Cannot lookup java:comp/UserTransaction: " + e + "</li>");
                return;
            }

            try {
                utx.begin();
                opLocal.buy(10);
                opLocal.buy(20);
                utx.commit();

            } catch (Exception e) {
                out.println("<li>exception during 1st Tx: " + e + "</li>");
                return;
            }

## Defining the Web Deployment Descriptor

### Principles

The Web component programmer is responsible for providing the deployment descriptor associated with the developed web components. The Web component provider's responsibilities and the application assembler's responsibilities are to provide an XML deployment descriptor that conforms to the deployment descriptor's XML DTD as defined in the Java TM Servlet Specification Version 2.3. (Refer to `$JONAS_ROOT/xml/web-app_2_3.dtd`).

To customize the Web components, information not defined in the standard XML deployment descriptor may be needed. For example, the information may include the mapping of the name of referenced resources to its JNDI name. This information can be specified during the deployment phase, within another XML deployment descriptor that is specific to JOnAS. The JOnAS-specific deployment descriptor's XML DTD is located in `$JONAS_ROOT/xml/jonas-web-app_X_Y.dtd`. The file name of the JOnAS-specific XML deployment descriptor must be the file name of the standard XML deployment descriptor prefixed by '`jonas-`'.

JOnAS interprets the <!DOCTYPE> tag at the parsing of the deployment descriptor XML files.
The parser first tries to get the specified DTD via the classpath, then it uses the specified URL (or path).

In the two following examples, the parser gets the `jonas-web-app_3_1.dtd` DTD file via the URL or in the /usr/local/jonas/xml/ directory.

        <!DOCTYPE jonas-web-app PUBLIC "-//ObjectWeb//DTD JOnAS Web App 3.1//EN" "http://www.objectweb.org/jonas/dtds/jonas-web-app_3_1.dtd">
        <!DOCTYPE jonas-web-app SYSTEM "/usr/local/jonas/xml/jonas-web-app_3_1.dtd">

The standard deployment descriptor (web.xml) should contain structural information that includes the following:

- The Servlet's description (including Servlet's name, Servlet's class or jsp-file, Servlet's initialization parameters),
- Environment entries,
- EJB references,
- EJB local references,
- Resource references,
- Resource env references.

The JOnAS-specific deployment descriptor (jonas-web.xml) may contain information that includes:

- The JNDI name of the external resources referenced by a Web component,
- The JNDI name of the external resources environment referenced by a Web component,
- The JNDI name of the referenced bean's by a Web component,
- The name of the virtual host on which to deploy the servlets,
- The name of the context root on which to deploy the servlets,
- The compliance of the web application classloader to the java 2 delegation model or not.

<host> element: If the configuration file of the web container contains virtual hosts, the host on which the WAR file is deployed can be set.

<context-root> element: The name of the context on which the application will be deployed should be specified. If it is not specified, the context-root used can be one of the following:

- If the war is packaged into an EAR file, the context-root used is the context specified in the application.xml file.
- If the war is standalone, the context-root is the name of the war file (i.e, the context-root is /jadmin for jadmin.war).

If the context-root is / or empty, the web application is deployed as ROOT context (i.e., http://localhost:8080/).

<java2-delegation-model> element: Set the compliance to the java 2 delegation model.

- If true: the web application context uses a classloader, using the Java 2 delegation model (ask parent classloader first).
- If false: the class loader searches inside the web application first, before asking parent class loaders.

### Examples of Web Deployment Descriptors

- Example of a standard Web Deployment Descriptor (web.xml):

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
      <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN"
                               "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd">

      <web-app>
        <servlet>
          <servlet-name>Op</servlet-name>
            <servlet-class>org.objectweb.earsample.servlets.ServletOp</servlet-class>
        </servlet>

        <servlet-mapping>
          <servlet-name>Op</servlet-name>
          <url-pattern>/secured/Op</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>

        <security-constraint>
          <web-resource-collection>
            <web-resource-name>Protected Area</web-resource-name>
              <!-- Define the context-relative URL(s) to be protected -->
              <url-pattern>/secured/*</url-pattern>
              <!-- If you list http methods, only those methods are protected -->
              <http-method>DELETE</http-method>
              <http-method>GET</http-method>
              <http-method>POST</http-method>
              <http-method>PUT</http-method>
          </web-resource-collection>
          <auth-constraint>
            <!-- Anyone with one of the listed roles may access this area -->
            <role-name>tomcat</role-name>
            <role-name>role1</role-name>
          </auth-constraint>
        </security-constraint>

        <!-- Default login configuration uses BASIC authentication -->
        <login-config>
          <auth-method>BASIC</auth-method>
          <realm-name>Example Basic Authentication Area</realm-name>
        </login-config>

        <env-entry>
          <env-entry-name>envEntryString</env-entry-name>
          <env-entry-value>This is a string from the env-entry</env-entry-value>
          <env-entry-type>java.lang.String</env-entry-type>
        </env-entry>

        <!-- reference on a remote bean without ejb-link-->
        <ejb-ref>
          <ejb-ref-name>ejb/Op</ejb-ref-name>
          <ejb-ref-type>Session</ejb-ref-type>
          <home>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpHome</home>
          <remote>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.Op</remote>
        </ejb-ref>

        <!-- reference on a remote bean using ejb-link-->
        <ejb-ref>
          <ejb-ref-name>ejb/EjbLinkOp</ejb-ref-name>
          <ejb-ref-type>Session</ejb-ref-type>
          <home>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpHome</home>
          <remote>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.Op</remote>
          <ejb-link>secusb.jar#Op</ejb-link>
        </ejb-ref>

        <!-- reference on a local bean -->
        <ejb-local-ref>
          <ejb-ref-name>ejb/OpLocal</ejb-ref-name>
          <ejb-ref-type>Session</ejb-ref-type>
          <local-home>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpLocalHome</local-home>
          <local>org.objectweb.earsample.beans.secusb.OpLocal</local>
          <ejb-link>secusb.jar#Op</ejb-link>
        </ejb-local-ref>
      </web-app>

- Example of a specific Web Deployment Descriptor (jonas-web.xml):

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
      <!DOCTYPE jonas-web-app PUBLIC "-//ObjectWeb//DTD JOnAS Web App 3.1//EN"
                                     "http://www.objectweb.org/jonas/dtds/jonas-web-app_3_1.dtd">
      <jonas-web-app>
        <!-- Mapping between the referenced bean and its JNDI name, override the ejb-link
             if there is one in the associated ejb-ref in the standard Web Deployment Descriptor -->
        <jonas-ejb-ref>
          <ejb-ref-name>ejb/Op</ejb-ref-name>
          <jndi-name>OpHome</jndi-name>
        </jonas-ejb-ref>

        <!-- the virtual host on which deploy the web application -->
        <host>localhost</host>

        <!-- the context root on which deploy the web application -->
        <context-root>/web-application</context-root>
      </jonas-web-app>

### Tips

Although some characters, such as ">", are legal, it is good practice to replace them with XML entity references. The following is a list of the predefined entity references for XML:

&lt; | < | less than
&gt; | > | greater than
&amp; | & | ampersand
&apos; | ' | apostrophe
&quot; | " | quotation mark

## WAR Packaging

Web components are packaged for deployment in a standard Java programming language Archive file called a war file (Web ARchive), which is a jar similar to the package used for Java class libraries. A war has a specific hierarchical directory structure. The top-level directory of a war is the document root of the application.

The document root is where JSP pages, client-side classes and archives, and static web resources are stored. The document root contains a subdirectory called WEB-INF, which contains the following files and directories:

- web.xml: The standard xml deployment descriptor in the format defined in the Java Servlet 2.3 Specification. Refer to $JONAS_ROOT/xml/web-app_2_3.dtd.
- jonas-web.xml: The optional JOnAS-specific XML deployment descriptor in the format defined in $JONAS_ROOT/xml/jonas-web_X_Y.dtd.
- classes: a directory that contains the servlet classes and utility classes.
- lib: a directory that contains jar archives of libraries (tag libraries and any utility libraries called by server-side classes). If the Web application uses Enterprise Beans, it can also contain ejb-jars. This is necessary to give to the Web components the visibility of the EJB classes.
  However, if the war is intended to be packed in a ear, the ejb-jars must not be placed here. In this case, they are directly included in the ear. Due to the use of the class loader hierarchy, Web components have the visibility of the EJB classes.
  Details about the class loader hierarchy are described in JOnAS class loader hierarchy.

### Example

Before building a war file, the java source files must be compiled to obtain the class files (located in the WEB-INF/classes directory) and the two XML deployment descriptors must be written.

Then, the war file (<web-application>.war) is built using the jar command:

        cd <your_webapp_directory>
        jar cvf <web-application>.war *

During the development process, an 'unpacked version' of the war file can be used. Refer to how to use directories for the web application.